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Defence Industry, Nuclear Deterrence & War EconomyFrance met NATO's 2% target in 2025 and announced accelerated plans to double military spending by 2027
Defence, Bundeswehr Modernisation & European SecurityZeitenwende promised a structural shift after Russia's invasion of Ukraine; delivery remains uneven
Defence, NATO & Strategic PostureSpain faced NATO pressure over defence spending—among the lowest shares in the alliance at roughly 1.28% of GDP in 2024
France in Europe, NATO & AfricaFrance positions as a leading EU military and diplomatic power post-Brexit
Ukraine-Russia ConflictWar between Russia and Ukraine following Russian invasion in 2022