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Catalonia, Regional Autonomy & UnityCatalan independence politics periodically stress Spain's territorial model and constitutional order
Institutions, Justice & Constitutional ReformSlow courts, complex bureaucracy, and regulatory fragmentation raise business costs
Public Debt, Schuldenbremse & Fiscal CredibilityDebt brake (Schuldenbremse) constrains federal borrowing despite investment and defense pressures
Supreme Court & Constitutional PowerCourt composition and doctrine shifts drive high-stakes political conflict