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Development Finance, Poverty & State CapacityWhether lending builds durable public capacity or only short-term relief.
Education, Meritocracy & the Grandes ÉcolesElite pathways through prépa and grandes écoles reproduce advantage
Media Pluralism, Speech & Republican NormsConcentration of national media and industrial ownership raises independence concerns
Political Fragmentation & the Fifth RepublicTraditional left-right blocs weakened; RN, Greens, and Macronists compete
Productivity, Work Culture & CompetitivenessFrance can host elite firms yet struggle with growth, labour participation, and public finances
Yellow Vests Movement & Social UnrestYellow Vests movement reflected deep social and economic grievances
Yemen War and Regional SpilloverProtracted conflict in Yemen with overlapping local, regional, and maritime security dimensions