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Climate Adaptation, Heat, Floods & Water StressItaly is heavily exposed to heat, drought, floods, coastal risk, agricultural stress, and insurance pressure
Conflict & SecurityModern conflicts are often asymmetric, involving non-state actors and hybrid warfare
Culture, Cohesion & Civic IdentitySocial cohesion depends on shared practices as well as shared rules
East-West Divide & AfD ChallengeEastern Länder show higher AfD support, demographic outflow, and infrastructure gaps
Education & Human DevelopmentEducation systems transmit skills, norms, and visions of the good life
Energy Transition, Renewables & Grid ModernisationSpain is a European renewable leader—over 50% of electricity from renewables in 2023 per OECD—yet grids and storage lag ambition
Gun Control & Second AmendmentGun violence remains high compared to other developed countries
Speech, Protest & Public OrderAssembly, expression, and security laws in democratic Europe.