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Cities, Transit & Infrastructure DeliveryToronto, Vancouver, Montreal, Calgary, and Ottawa concentrate housing, transit, and immigration pressure
Coalition Politics & FragmentationMulti-party fragmentation makes stable majorities harder after decades of Volksparteien dominance
Coalition Politics & FragmentationMulti-party fragmentation makes stable majorities depend on regional and left alliances
European Union & German SovereigntyGermany alternates between EU engine and cautious veto player on fiscal and industrial rules
Federalism, Länder & Municipal CapacityLänder control education, police, and much cultural policy; cities handle integration and housing
Housing Crisis & Planning ReformHouse prices and rents rose sharply relative to incomes in many regions
UN Reform, Representation & LegitimacySecurity Council composition, funding, and trust in a multipolar world.
UN Security Council, Veto Power & Great-Power ParalysisWhen veto politics block action on wars, sanctions, and civilian protection.