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Coalition Politics & FragmentationMulti-party fragmentation makes stable majorities harder after decades of Volksparteien dominance
Coalition Politics & FragmentationMulti-party fragmentation makes stable majorities depend on regional and left alliances
East-West Divide & AfD ChallengeEastern Länder show higher AfD support, demographic outflow, and infrastructure gaps
Electoral Systems & RepresentationDifferent electoral systems create different incentives and outcomes
Labour Shortages, Skills & Demographic Workforce DeclineWorkforce decline distinct from aging affects industry, immigration, training, productivity, and fiscal sustainability
Northern Ireland & the UnionWindsor Framework and protocol issues remain politically sensitive
Political Fragmentation & the Fifth RepublicTraditional left-right blocs weakened; RN, Greens, and Macronists compete
Taiwan Strait TensionsOngoing tensions over Taiwan's status and cross-strait relations