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Economic InterdependenceEconomic interdependence creates both cooperation incentives and vulnerability
China Dependence, Trade Risk & Strategic AutonomyAutomotive, machinery, chemicals, and capital-goods exports create deep China exposure for flagship firms and supplier regions
China, Critical Infrastructure & Strategic AutonomySpain is increasingly caught in U.S.-China infrastructure politics beyond Brussels rhetoric
Development Finance, Poverty & State CapacityWhether lending builds durable public capacity or only short-term relief.
Defence Industry, Nuclear Deterrence & War EconomyFrance met NATO's 2% target in 2025 and announced accelerated plans to double military spending by 2027
Political Polarization & Culture WarsPolitical polarization has increased significantly over recent decades
Public Debt, Taxation & Fiscal CredibilityHow France funds its social model—through cotisations, income tax, wealth and property levies, corporate tax, and carbon pricing—while debt, EU rules, and fragmented politics constrain credible reform.
Yellow Vests Movement & Social UnrestYellow Vests movement reflected deep social and economic grievances