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Catalonia, Regional Autonomy & UnityCatalan independence politics periodically stress Spain's territorial model and constitutional order
Coalition Politics & FragmentationMulti-party fragmentation makes stable majorities depend on regional and left alliances
Devolution & the Future of the UnionScotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland have distinct party systems and policy agendas
East-West Divide & AfD ChallengeEastern Länder show higher AfD support, demographic outflow, and infrastructure gaps
Energy Security & Permitting ReformGrid bottlenecks and interconnection queues delay renewables and storage
Labour Shortages, Skills & Demographic Workforce DeclineWorkforce decline distinct from aging affects industry, immigration, training, productivity, and fiscal sustainability
Strait of Hormuz Maritime RiskRecurring tanker seizures, military signaling, sanctions pressure, and escalation risk in a core global energy chokepoint.