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Coalition Politics & FragmentationMulti-party fragmentation makes stable majorities harder after decades of Volksparteien dominance
Coalition Politics & FragmentationMulti-party fragmentation makes stable majorities depend on regional and left alliances
East-West Divide & AfD ChallengeEastern Länder show higher AfD support, demographic outflow, and infrastructure gaps
Migration, Integration & Asylum PolicyGermany remains a major destination for asylum seekers, EU mobility, and skilled migration
Migration, Mediterranean Routes & IntegrationSpain is a major EU entry point via Canary Islands, Ceuta, Melilla, and Mediterranean crossings
Net Zero & Energy TransitionLegally binding net-zero targets shape infrastructure and industrial policy
Political Fragmentation & the Fifth RepublicTraditional left-right blocs weakened; RN, Greens, and Macronists compete
Vox, Populism & Social CohesionVox grew on migration, territorial unity, and cultural backlash themes