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Strait of Hormuz Maritime RiskRecurring tanker seizures, military signaling, sanctions pressure, and escalation risk in a core global energy chokepoint.
Climate Adaptation, Heat, Floods & InsuranceMitigation dominates debate while adaptation—floods, heat, water stress, forests, and urban cooling—gains urgency
Cost of Living & InflationEnergy and food price shocks strained household budgets after 2021–22
Energy Security, Oil & Gas Shock RiskStrategic stocks, Russian supply shifts, and crisis coordination.
Energy Transition, Electricity Costs & Climate NeutralityEnergiewende combines climate policy, industrial policy, household-cost policy, and coalition politics
Green Deal, Climate Transition & Industrial BacklashHow climate law, farm protests, and industrial competitiveness pressures test the European Green Deal.
Housing, Youth & Brain DrainYoung Italians face delayed independence, low wages, and scarce affordable housing
Public Debt, Taxation & Fiscal CredibilityHow France funds its social model—through cotisations, income tax, wealth and property levies, corporate tax, and carbon pricing—while debt, EU rules, and fragmented politics constrain credible reform.